认知语言学的翻译观

王寅

(四川外语学院 外国语文研究中心, 重庆 400031)

摘 要：经验论、唯理论和解释派哲学分别聚焦于交际的三个不同环节：作者、文本、读者，同时还产生了相对应的翻译观。这些理论过于偏重某一环节，似有以偏概全之不足。Lakoff和Johnson所倡导的体验哲学正好可修补这些理论之不足，而且也能对翻译作出一个较为全面的解释。本文尝试根据体验哲学和认知语言学的基本观点，拟构了翻译的认知语言学模式：翻译是以对现实世界体验为背景的认知主体所参与的多重互动为认知基础的，译者在透彻理解源语言（含古代语言）语篇所表达出的各类意义的基础上，尽量将其在目标语中映射转述出来，在译文中应着力勾画出原作者所欲描写的现实世界和认知世界，须兼顾作者、文本、读者三个要素，倡导和谐翻译。

关键词：体验哲学；认知语言学；翻译；互动

中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-873X(2005)05-0015-06

A Cognitive Linguistic View on Translation

Wang Yin

（Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China）

Abstract: By focusing respectively on author, text and reader as the three key links in the process of communication, empiricism, rationalism and hermeneutics have offered three distinct views on translation. Since each of these views lays emphasis on just one key element of communication, they all suffer from partiality and one-sidedness. To this shared deficiency, what Lakoff & Johnson have proposed as the embodied philosophy provides a remedy by making available a better explanation on translation. Utilizing basic ideas of the embodied philosophy and of cognitive linguistics in general, this paper attempts to construct a cognitive model of translation. Such a model sees translation in terms both of multiple interactions among subjects with differently embodied backgrounds and of a good mastery of the various meanings of the original discourse. These meanings then get mapped and re-expressed in the target language, resulting in the depiction of the reality world and the cognitive world. Taking into consideration all three factors (author, text, reader) in communication, this new model ensures the harmony in translation.

Key words: embodied philosophy; cognitive linguistics; translation; interaction

认知的体验性对等值翻译的诠释*

宋德生

(湖南理工学院, 湖南 岳阳 414006)

摘 要：人以“体认”的方式认识世界，心智离不开身体经验，作为心智的表征和对世界进行范畴化的工具的语言就具有体验性。语言结构映照着人类经验结构。人的生理结构以及所处环境的大致相似性决定了经验结构的相似性，这是翻译成为可能的认知基础。经验结构是一个丰富的意象图式网络。意象图式是人在认识世界的主客观互动中，外部世界的物理能量转换而成的心理事件，是我们经验和知识的抽象模式。因此思维带有具象性，这决定了信息的意码和形码的双重编码结构。翻译的过程即是以意象图式为媒介的、原文与译语文化意象之间的辨识和匹配。翻译中的“等值”只不过是经验结构的相似性。

关键词：经验结构；意象图式；双重编码；等值；翻译

中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-873X(2005)05-0021-04

The Bodily Experiential Nature of Cognition and the Light It Sheds on Equivalence in Translation

Song Desheng

(Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China)

Abstract: Mankind perceives the outside world in embodied manner, which is why the mental is necessarily based on bodily experience. Language, the representation of the mind and the tool of conceptualization, both embodies and reflects the experiential structure of mankind. The similarity of human physiological structure and human habitat determines that human experiential structures are also similar to each other, which is the cognitive basis for translating. Image schema, on the other hand, is the abstract model of our experience and knowledge, which explains the imagistic character of thought and accounts for the double-encoding structure (visual code and semantic code) of information. Seen within this framework, translating is the process of identifying and matching cultural images between the source language and the target one, and the equivalence in translation is little more than a reflection of the similarity of human experiences.

Key words: experiential structure; image schema; double-encoding; equivalence; translation

汉英翻译实践是再创作的过程

丁衡祁

(对外经济贸易大学，北京 100029)

摘 要：把汉语翻译成英语，绝不能简单地“对号入座”。要多层次、多角度地构思，做到“精心设计，精心施工”。要先调整、梳理、归纳、提炼、调研，然后再进行传译。改写或重写型的翻译，调整或梳理型的翻译，深加工或精加工式的翻译以及根据原文另行创作等都是复杂的再创作过程。

关键词：多层次; 多角度; 构思; 设计; 深加工精加工

中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-873X(2005)05-0025-05

Originality and Creativeness in C-E Translation

Ding Hengqi

(University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China)

Abstract: A qualified Chinese-English translator must keep developing his translation competence and honing a multi-tiered approach to his work. Translation from Chinese into English is by no means a mere matter of finding equivalents between the source and the target language. It involves rather a wide variety of processing tasks whose fulfillment demands much originality and creativeness on the part of the translator.

Key words: conception; designing; rendering; C-E translation

语用标记等效值*

侯国金

（复旦大学中文系，上海 200433）

摘键要：本文以“语用标记等效原则”为基础，提出“（语用）标记等效值”的计算方法。根据该方法，人们对原文和译文的若干语用标记价值参数（如，措辞、结构、修辞、礼貌等）进行估算和比较，在大意、意图、意向、态度的翻译基本没有问题的前提下，a）若只有一个译文，探求如何达到“理想译文”的等效高度；b）若有若干/很多译文，区分好译文和坏译文；c）在两种译文都很好的情况下，考察各译文的风格，d）在c）情况下，较客观公正地判断好译文的优劣。本文以《红楼梦》的若干译例说明“标记等效值”的价值、可行性和广泛的适用性。

关键词：语用标记；翻译；等效值

中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-873X(2005)05-0030-05

Calculating Numerical Pragmatic-Markedness Equivalence Value in Translation

Hou Guojin

(The Department of Chinese, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China)

Abstract: This paper proposes a model for calculating numerical (pragmatic-markedness) equivalence value (NEV) in translation studies. Taking into account a couple of pragmatic parameters (e.g., wording, structure, rhetoric, politeness) of the source text and the target texts, and on condition that the general meaning, intention, and attitude of ST are adequately conveyed in TT, this model seeks a) to explore how the level of an ideal translation could be reached when there is only one TT; b) to distinguish good from bad translation when there are more than one TT; c) to compare the translation styles when two TT’s are both good; and d) to decide which TT outperforms the other in the case of c). The paper demonstrates the usefulness, feasibility and extensive applicability of NEV-based comparison by examining two English versions of The Story of the Stone.

Key words: pragmatic markedness; translation; NEV

名源动词与翻译

阚哲华 姜孟

（上海交通大学 外国语学院，上海 200240）

摘键要：辨义乃翻译之本。名源动词在英语中普遍存在，其释义涉及到外延意义（本义）和内涵意义（转义），实义和虚义。在英汉翻译中是个不容忽视的问题。本文探讨三类基本的名源动词，即方位动词、动体动词和施事动词，侧重分析其语义结构与语义虚化问题。语义结构搞清楚了，虚化问题理解了，释义问题也就迎刃而解，在翻译实践中也就能举一反三、触类旁通。

关键词：名源动词；方位动词；动体动词；施事动词；母体名词；语义结构；语义虚化

中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-873X(2005)05-0035-05

Denominal Verbs and Their Translation

Kan Zhehua & Jiang Meng

(School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

Abstract: For two reasons, denominal verbs pose a special challenge to E-C translation: they occur frequently in English but not in Chinese; and their interpretation involves identifying both the basic meanings and the connotative meanings of their parent nouns. This paper singles out three classes of denominal verbs (i.e. the locative, the locatum, and the agent verbs) for a close examination. Among its findings are 1) these verbs are semantically structured; 2) such structures often undergo a bleaching in the process of translation; and 3) the more clearly the translator is able to see the semantic structure of denominal verbs and its bleaching, the easier the interpretation of these verbs would become.

Key words: denominal verb；locative verb; locatum verb; agent verb; parent noun; semantic structure; semantic bleaching

韦努蒂的“翻译伦理”及其自我解构

刘亚猛

（福建师范大学外国语学院，福建 福州 350007）

摘 要：韦努蒂的翻译伦理理论在构筑“存异伦理”/“化同伦理”这一对二元对立的同时对它进行了解构。这一做法表明他遵循的是后结构主义的基本理论议程，采用的也是后结构主义“分两步走”的基本话语策略，即首先将翻译思想中处于支配地位的二元对立颠倒过来，然后通过新建对立的自我解构最终革除二元对立思维本身。就翻译涉及的伦理原则而言，韦努蒂的理论与其说提供了任何答案，不如说提出了一大堆亟待我们思考和解决的问题。

关键词：翻译伦理；后结构主义；解构；异化；归化

中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-873X(2005)05-0040-06

Venuti’s Perspective on Translation Ethics and Its Self-Deconstruction

Liu Yameng

(College of Foreign Languages, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China)

Abstract: Building up a binary opposition between the“ethics of difference”and the“ethics of sameness”as the conceptual anchor for his theory of translation ethics, Venuti quietly subjects it to a process of self-deconstruction. This double move throws light on the thinly veiled fact that what his conceptualization of translation follows is actually a post-structuralist agenda. Reversing the hierarchized oppositions that currently structure our thinking about translation is merely the first of two steps that aim ultimately at getting rid of binary thinking perse. As far as translation-related ethical issues are concerned, Venuti’s discussion raises more questions than it answers.

Key words: ethics of translation; post-structuralism; deconstruction; foreignization; domestication

供稿：《中国翻译》杂志