国务院政策例行吹风会材料二

 

2014年金融改革和支持实体经济背景材料

2015123日)

中国银行业监督管理委员会

 

一、银行业经营发展保持稳健态势

银行业各项经营管理和风险监管指标稳步向好,保持国际良好水平。截至201412月末,银行业总资产168.2万亿元,同比增长13.6%;各项存款余额117.4万亿元,增长9.6%;各项贷款余额86.8万亿元,增长13.3%。截至201412月末,银行业金融机构不良贷款率1.64%商业银行不良贷款率1.29%,保持在较低水平;商业银行拨备覆盖率保持在230.5%的较高水平。截至201411月末,商业银行资本充足率提高到12.93%,同比增加0.75个百分点。

、银行业改革开放

(一)民间资本全面进入银行业

一是民营银行试点。银监会对包括民间资本在内的各类资本入股银行业金融机构,始终坚持公平竞争、同等待遇的原则。在法规政策中,从未对民间资本入股银行业金融机构设置额外限制或者条件;在市场准入实践中,民间资本主要通过发起设立、认购新股、受让股权、并购重组等方式进入银行业。

20143月,银监会公布了国务院批准的首批5家民营银行试点名单,正式启动民营银行试点工作。2014724日,银监会批准深圳前海微众银行、温州民商银行、天津金城银行的筹建申请;2014926日,银监会批准上海华瑞银行、浙江网商银行的筹建申请。20141212日,银监会批准深圳前海微众银行开业。

二是完善民间资本投资农村中小金融机构相关制度。印发《中国银监会关于鼓励和引导民间资本参与农村信用社产权改革工作的通知》(银监发〔201445号,201411月),将并购方合计持股比例从10%调整放宽至20%,特殊情况的可阶段性超过20%。印发《中国银监会关于进一步促进村镇银行健康发展的指导意见》(银监发〔201446号,201412月)和《中国银监会办公厅关于推进农村商业银行组建工作的通知》(银监办发〔2014286号,201412月)。

目前,全国农村合作金融机构民资占比接近90%,村镇银行民资占比超过70%。此外,已有100多家中小银行的民资占比超过50%,其中部分为100%民资。

三是稳步推进民间资本发起设立金融租赁公司和消费金融公司。印发《金融租赁公司管理办法》(中国银监会令2014年第3号,20143月)、《消费金融公司试点管理办法》(中国银监会令2013年第2号,201311月)。

(二)普惠金融

引导银行业金融机构持续加大对农业规模化生产和集约化经营的金融支持。牵头发展新型农村合作金融组织研究工作,引导规范开展农村信用合作。印发《中国银监会办公厅关于做好2014年农村金融服务工作的通知》(银监办发〔201442号,20143月),督促银行业金融机构持续增加涉农贷款投入总量。

(三)简政放权

2014年,银监会印发《中国银监会办公厅关于推进简政放权改进市场准入工作有关事项的通知》(银监办发〔2014176号,20146月),并先后修订发布《中国银监会中资商业银行行政许可事项实施办法》(中国银监会令2013年第1号,201310月)、《中国银监会农村中小金融机构行政许可事项实施办法》(中国银监会令2014年第4,20143月)、《中国银监会外资银行行政许可事项实施办法》(中国银监会令2014年第6号,20149月)。

近日,银监会又进行监管架构改革,下放行政权力,明确风险监管主体职责,强化事中事后监管银监会本着风险为本、法人监管、属地负责的原则,进一步明确了总会与派出机构之间的风险监管职责和权力,对于全国性机构,主要由总会各机构监管部门承担风险监管主体责任,派出机构负相应监管协助责任;对于地方性机构,总会仅对法人机构的新设筹建、市场退出、重组改制和破产重整进行审批,其他市场准入权力下放给银监局,并由注册所在地派出机构承担风险监管主体责任,总会相应监管部门负指导责任。同时,银监会按照放管结合的要求,在明确职责分工和下放监管权力的基础上,建立总会对派出机构履行准入管理和监管尽职情况的后评价机制,建立行政许可负面清单和问责清单,凡发生派出机构未尽到属地主体监管责任的,总会可视情况约束或上收监管权力,实现对派出机构按履职能力进行差异化授权和严格问责。调整后,实现还权于市场,让权于社会,放权于基层。

(四)深化银行业治理体系改革

一是公司治理体系改革。会同财政部、人民银行、证监会、保监会印发《金融资产管理公司监管办法》(银监发〔201441号,201410月),从集团层面强化公司治理。印发《中国银监会办公厅关于加强村镇银行公司治理的指导意见》(银监办发〔2014280号,201412月)。印发《加强农村商业银行三农金融服务机制建设监管指引》(银监办发〔2014287201412

二是业务治理体系改革。理财业务治理方面,印发《中国银监会办公厅关于2014年银行理财业务监管工作的指导意见》(银监办发〔201439号,20142月)、《中国银监会关于完善银行理财业务组织管理体系有关事项的通知》(银监发〔201435号,20147月)。同业业务治理方面,20145月,印发《中国银监会办公厅关于规范商业银行同业业务治理的通知》(银监办发〔2014140号),5月还会同人民银行、证监会、保监会、外汇局印发《关于规范金融机构同业业务的通知》(银发〔2014127号,20145月)。

三是风险治理体系改革。印发《中国银监会关于印发商业银行并表管理与监管指引的通知》(银监发〔201454号,201412月)。会同证监会印发《关于商业银行发行优先股补充一级资本的指导意见》(银监发〔201412号,20144月)。20146月,银监会印发《商业银行监管评级内部指引》(银监发〔201432号)。印发《商业银行流动性风险管理办法(试行)》(中国银监会令2014年第220141月)。

四是行业治理体系改革。会同财政部印发《信托业保障基金管理办法》(银监发〔201450号,201412月)。

(五)进一步扩大对外开放

20149月,修订发布《中国银监会外资银行行政许可事项实施办法》(中国银监会令2014年第6号),调整外资银行准入条件。201412月,修订发布《中华人民共和国外资银行管理条例》。

截至201412月末,外资银行在华共设立40家外资法人银行、1家外资财务公司、97家外国银行分行和182家外资银行代表处。外资银行营业性机构(含总、分、支行)总数达到1000家,分布于全国69个城市。2014年,银监会共批准35家外资银行分行筹建。

截至201411月末,在华外资银行资产余额约2.7万亿元,贷款余额约1.2万亿元,存款余额约1.5万亿元,实现利润206亿元,不良贷款率0.78%,流动性比例72.85%9月末资本充足率17.17%

三、银行业服务实体

(一)多管齐下降低融资成本,引导银行业提升小微企业贷款管理效率。20147月,印发《中国银监会关于完善和创新小微企业贷款服务 提高小微企业金融服务水平的通知》(银监发〔201436号)。

加强商业银行存款偏离度管理。20149月,会同财政部、人民银行印发《关于加强商业银行存款偏离度管理有关事项的通知》(银监办发〔2014236号)。

清理整顿不合理服务收费。会同发改委全面开展了银行业收费专项检查,包括银行自查、银监局重点抽查、银监会督查、银监会和发改委联合检查四个环节。印发《中国银监会关于开展银行业收费专项检查的通知》(银监发〔201431号,20146月),并会同发展改革委印发《银行业收费专项检查工作方案》(银监办发〔2014199号,20147月)。

(二)大力发展普惠金融。截至201411月末,银行业新增小微企业贷款2.6万亿元,增速达到14.9%,高于平均贷款增速1.9个百分点;新增涉农贷款2.7万亿元(不含票据),增速达到12.6%,高于平均贷款增速0.7个百分点。剔除不良加速核销、企业分类调整等因素后,小微和涉农贷款继续实现“两个不低于”。银行业消费者保护工作进一步加强,全国49个金融机构空白乡镇、2308个城镇社区和318个小微企业集中地区增设了银行网点,50多万个行政村实现了基础金融服务全覆盖。

(三)盘活资金存量,提高银行资金来源多元化和稳定性。20146月,印发《中国银监会关于调整商业银行存贷比计算口径的通知》(银监发〔201434号)。持续推进信贷资产证券化扩大试点工作,截至201412月末47家机构已在银行间市场和交易所市场成功发行信贷资产支持证券2814亿元。201411月,印发《关于信贷资产证券化备案登记工作流程的通知》(银监办便函〔20141092号),简化信贷资产证券化流程。

Materials for State Council Policies Briefing                                  

 

 

Financial Reform and Financial Support to the Real Economy

in 2014

23 January 2015

 

China Banking Regulatory Commission

 

I. Safe and sound performance of the Banking Sector 

In 2014, the banking sector maintained sound performance with risks well controlled, keeping abreast with leading international peers. As of end-2014, the aggregate assets of China’s banking sector increased by 13.6 percent year-on-year to RMB 168.2 trillion; the outstanding balance of deposits grew by 9.6 percent to RMB 117.4 trillion; and the outstanding balance of loans went up by 13.3 percent to RMB 86.8 trillion. As of end-2014, the non-performing loans (NPL) ratio of China’s banking institutions was 1.64 percent, among which, the NPL ratio of commercial banks was kept at a relatively low level of 1.29 percent. Meanwhile, the provisioning coverage ratio of commercial banks rose up to 230.5 percent. By the end of November 2014, the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks reached 12.93 percent, up by 0.75 percentage point.

 

II. Banking reform and opening-up

 

1. Promoting wider participation of private capital in the banking sector

 

First is the launch of the pilot program of establishing private banks. The CBRC adheres to the principle of fairness and equal treatment to all forms of capital, including private capital, in their investment in the banking sector. There are no additional legal or regulatory barriers or preconditions inhibiting the flow of private capital into banking institutions. In terms of market entry, private capital flows to the banking sector through participating in new entities establishment, new shares subscription, equity purchase, and mergers & acquisitions.

 

In March 2014, the CBRC released the first batch of five private banks on a trial basis approved by the State Council, officially launching the pilot program of private banks. On July 24th, 2014, the CBRC approved the application for establishment of Shenzhen Qianhai Weizhong Bank (also known as WeBank), Wenzhou Minshang Bank and Tianjin Jincheng Bank. On September 26th, 2014, the CBRC approved the application for establishment of Shanghai Huarui Bank and Zhejiang Wangshang Bank. On December 12th, 2014, the CBRC approved the application of WeBank for business operation.

 

Second is the relaxation of relevant legal and regulatory procedures for private capital investing in small- and medium-sized rural financial institutions. In November 2014, the CBRC issued the Notice on Encouraging and Guiding Private Capital to Participate in the Ownership Reform of Rural Credit Cooperatives (Yin Jian Fa  No.45, 2014), raising the upper limit of acquirers’ aggregate shareholding from 10% to 20%, and even allowing the exceeding of 20% threshold under specific conditions within a certain period of time. In December 2014, the CBRC issued the Guiding Opinions on Further Promoting the Healthy Development of Village and Township Banks (Yin Jian Fa No.46, 2014), and the Notice on Promoting the Institutional Restructuring of Rural Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Ban Fa No.286, 2014) .

 

Currently, the proportion of private capital is nearly 90% in the total capital of rural cooperative financial institutions, while in township and village banks, the ratio of private capital has exceeded 70%. Furthermore, more than 100 small- and medium-sized banks have over 50% private capital in their capital composition, some of which are even 100 percent privately funded.

 

Third is the steady promotion of private capital to initiate the establishment of financial leasing companies and consumer finance companies. In March 2014, the CBRC issued the Administrative Rules on the Financial Leasing Companies (Decree of the CBRC No.3, 2014). In November 2013, the CBRC promulgated the Administrative Rules on the Pilot Program of Consumer Finance Companies (Decree of the CBRC No.2, 2013).

 

2. Financial Inclusion

The CBRC has been guiding banking institutions to continuously improve financial support to agricultural scale production and intensive management. Research work has been carried out on developing new-type rural cooperative financial institutions, so as to further standardize rural credit cooperations. The CBRC General Office issued the Notice on Improving Rural Financial Services in 2014 (Yin Jian Ban Fa No.42, 2014) in March 2014, urging banking institutions to increase the proportion of agro-related loans.

 

3. Streamlining administration and power delegation

In 2014, the CBRC issued the Notice on Further Streamlining Administration and Delegating Power to Improve Market Entry (Yin Jian Ban Fa No. 176, 2014), and amended the Implementation Rules on Administrative Licensing for Commercial Banks (Decree of the CBRC, No. 1, 2013), the Implementation Rules on Administrative Licensing for Small- and Medium-Sized Rural Financial Institutions (Decree of the CBRC, No. 4, 2014), and the Implementation Rules on Administrative Licensing for Foreign Banks (Decree of the CBRC, No. 6, September 2014).

 

Recently, the CBRC has conducted supervisory structural reform, delegated administrative power, clarified the responsibility lines, and strengthened in-process and follow-up supervision. In line with the risk-based approach, the CBRC further clarified the responsibility lines between the head office and its local offices, following the principle of head office mainly supervising legal entities and local offices taking primary responsibility in supervising institutions within their jurisdictions. For nation-wide institutions, relevant supervisory departments in the head office shall shoulder main responsibilities of risk supervision, while local offices shall give support and take supplementary responsibilities. For regional institutions, the CBRC head office is only responsible for the approval of setting up new institutions, market exit, the restructuring of legal entities both before and after bankruptcy, while delegating other market entry power to the CBRC local offices. As for the local offices, they are given the main responsibilities to supervise the institutions within the jurisdictions, while the head office plays a guiding role.

 

Meanwhile, in line with the requirement of balancing the power between the head office and local offices and on the basis of clarifying responsibility lines and delegating power, the post-evaluation mechanism has be established which allows the head office to assess the market entry management and due diligence of the local offices. The negative list and accountability list have also been set up with respect to administrative licensing. In case the local offices fail to fulfill their main supervisory responsibilities, the head office can choose to constrain or withdraw their power based on specific cases, so as to authorize differentiated power to local offices based on their different capacities and strictly reinforce accountability. After the adjustment, the power is expected to be given back to the market and society and delegated to the local level.

 

4. Further reform of the banking governance system

 

First is the reform of the corporate governance system. Together with the Ministry of Finance, People’s Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, and China Insurance Regulatory Commission, the CBRC issued the Regulatory Measures on Banking Asset Management Companies (Yin Jian Fa No.41, 2014) to enhance corporate governance at the group level. The CBRC also issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Corporate Governance of Village and Township Banks (Yin Jian Ban Fa No.280, 2014) and the Supervisory Guidelines to Strengthen Institutional Development of Financial Services to Agriculture, Farmers and Rural Area by Rural Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Ban Fa No.287, 2014).

 

Second is the reform of business governance system. For the wealth management business governance, the CBRC issued the Guiding Opinions on the Supervision of Wealth Management Business in 2014 (Yin Jian Ban Fa No.39, 2014) and the Notice on Improving the Organizational and Management Structure of Wealth Management Business of Banking Institutions (Yin Jian Fa No.35, 2014). For inter-bank business governance, the CBRC issued the Notice on Standardizing the Governance of Inter-bank Business of Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Ban Fa No.140, 2014). In May 2014, together with the People’s Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Insurance Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, the CBRC issued the Notice on Regulating Inter-bank Business of Financial Institutions (Yin Fa No.127, 2014).

 

Third is the reform of risk governance system. The CBRC issued the Notice on Issuing Consolidated Management and Supervisory Guidelines of Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Fa No.54, 2014). Together with the China Securities Regulatory Commission the CBRC issued the Guiding Opinions on the Issuance of Preferred Shares by Commercial Banks to Replenish Tier 1 Capital (Yin Jian Fa No.12, 2014). In June, 2014, the CBRC issued the Internal Guidelines on Supervisory Ratings of Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Fa No.32, 2014) and the Administrative Rules on Liquidity Risk Management of Commercial Banks (Provisional)(Decree of the CBRC, No.2, 2014).

 

Fourth is the reform of the industry governance system. Together with the Ministry of Finance, the CBRC issued the Administrative Rules on Security Fund of the Trust Industry (Yin Jian Fa No.50, 2014).

 

5. Wider opening-up of the banking sector

In September 2014, the CBRC amended and issued the Implementation Rules on Administrative Licensing for Foreign Banks (Degree of the CBRC No. 6, 2014), adjusting the market entry requirements for foreign banks. In December 2014, the CBRC amended and issued the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Banks.

 

By the end of December 2014, foreign banking institutions had established 40 locally incorporated banks, 1 finance company, 97 foreign bank branches and 182 representative offices in China. Over 1,000 operating outlets have been set up by foreign banks in 69 cities in China, including head offices, branches and sub-branches. In 2014, the CBRC approved 35 foreign banks to establish branches.

 

By the end of November 2014, the outstanding balance of total assets of foreign banks was RMB 2.7 trillion, and the outstanding balance of loans and deposits registered at RMB 1.2 trillion and RMB 1.5 trillion respectively. The profits of foreign banks reached RMB 20.6 billion, with the NPL ratio at 0.78% and the liquidity ratio at 72.85 %. By the end of September, the capital adequacy ratio of foreign banks was 17.17%

 

III Banking sector serving the real economy

 

1. Financing cost was reduced through various means and management efficiency of loans improved for micro- and small- enterprises (MSEs). In July 2014, the CBRC issued the Notice on Improving and Innovating MSE Loan Services and Enhancing Financial Services for MSEs (Yin Jian Fa No. 36, 2014).

 

The management of deposit deviation was further enhanced by commercial banks was further enhanced. In September 2014, together with the Ministry of Finance and the People’s Bank of China, the CBRC issued the Notice on Strengthening Management of Deposit Deviation by Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Ban Fa No. 236, 2014).

 

Inappropriate banking service charges was sorted out. Together with the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the CBRC conducted thematic inspections on the banking service charges, including procedures of self-examinations by banks, selective examinations by CBRC local offices, inspections by the CBRC head office, and joint examinations by the CBRC and the NDRC. In 2014, the CBRC issued the Notice on Conducting Examination on Banking Service Charges (Yin Jian Fa No. 31, 2014), and the CBRC and the NDRC together issued the Working Plan for Examination on Banking Service Charges (Yin Jian Ban Fa No. 199, 2014).

 

 

2. Pushing forward financial inclusion

By the end of November 2014, new loans extended to micro- and small-sized enterprises (MSEs) reached RMB 2.6 trillion, with a growth rate of 14.9%, which is 1.9 percentage points higher than the average growth rate of all loans; new agro-related loans were RMB 2.7 trillion (notes not included) with a growth rate of 12.6%, which is 0.7 percentage point higher than the average growth rate of all loans. Excluding the accelerated NPL write-off and the adjusted classification of enterprises, the growth rate of both MSE loans and agro-related loans are no lower than the average growth rate of all loans, and the total incremental volume of such loans are no lower than that of the previous year. In addition, banking consumer protection has been strengthened. Banking outlets were set up in 49 unbanked villages and towns, 2308 urban communities, and 318 MSE-intensive areas, and over 500,000 administrative villages have gained access to basic financial services.

 

3. Tapping into the idle capital and further diversifying and stabilizing capital sources of banks

In June 2014, the CBRC issued the Notice on Adjusting Loan-to-Deposit Calculation Methods for Commercial Banks (Yin Jian Fa No.34, 2014). The pilot program of credit assets securitization has been continuously expanded. By the end of 2014, 47 financial institutions had issued credit assets-backed securities worth of RMB 281 billion in inter-bank market and exchange market. In November 2014, the CBRC issued the Notice on Reporting and Registration Procedures of Credit Assets Securitization (Yin Jian Ban Informal Letter No.1092, 2014), in a bid to further streamline the process of credit assets securitization.